Sarah (Boone) Bloom
(1837 - 1905)
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Sarah (Boone) Bloom & Aaron Bloom
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In 1837, in the year that Sarah (Boone) Bloom was born, on February 25th, in Philadelphia, the Institute for Colored Youth (ICY) - the oldest African-American university in the United States - was founded. It was the first institution for the higher education of black people in the United States. Founded by Quaker Richard Humphreys who gave $10,000 to establish the school, it still exists today - although the location has moved and it has been renamed Cheyney University. Humphreys was concerned about the struggles of free African Americans to make a living.
In 1861, when she was 24 years old, on August 5th, in order to help pay for the Civil War, the Federal government instituted the first income tax in the United States. The Revenue Act of 1861 was rescinded in 1862 but from 1861 through 1862, a flat tax was charged - 3% - on all income over $800, which included only 3% of households. In 1862, a broader tax was enacted.
In 1880, she was 43 years old when on August 14th Cologne Cathedral, in Germany, was finally completed. Construction began in 1248, was halted in 1473, and then begun again in the 1800's - completed after 632 years.
In 1897, when she was 60 years old, in the January 22nd issue of "Engineering", the word "computer" was first used to refer to a mechanical calculation device. Previously - since the 17th century - the term computer meant "one who computes" and referred to human beings who worked with numbers.
In 1905, in the year of Sarah (Boone) Bloom's passing, the German born physicist, Albert Einstein, proposed the Special Theory of Relativity: 1) that observers can never detect uniform motion except relative to other objects and that 2) unlike the velocity of massive objects, the speed of light is a constant and is the same for all observers independent of their constant velocity toward or away from the light source. Not such simple concepts that lead to the equation everyone now knows: E = mc2.
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